Author(s):

Chandan Haldar and Raju Ram

Abstract: Genetic variation in a species improves the capability of organisms to adapt to changing environment and is essential for the existence of the species. Genetic variation arises between individuals leading to differentiation at the level of population, species and higher-order taxonomic groups. The genetic diversity data have varied application in research on evolution, conservation, and management of natural resources and genetic improvement programs, etc. Development of Molecular genetic markers has a powerful ability to detect genetic studies of individuals, populations or species. These molecular markers combined with new statistical developments have revolutionized the analytical power, essential to discover the genetic diversity. Molecular markers and their statistical analysis revolutionized the analytical power, necessary to explore the genetic diversity. Different molecular markers, protein or DNA (mt-DNA or nuclear DNA such as microsatellites, SNP or RAPD) are now being used in fisheries. These markers provide various scientific observations which have importance in aquaculture practice recently such as 1) Genetic variation and population structure study of natural populations 2) Species Identification 3) Assessment of demographic bottleneck in natural population 4) Comparison between wild and hatchery populations 5) Propagation assisted rehabilitation programs. In this review article, we have concentrated on the basics of molecular genetics, an overview of commonly used markers and their application along with their limitations (major classes of markers) in fisheries and aquaculture studies. In this review, the current status of SNP genotyping is discussed regarding the mechanisms of allelic discrimination, the reaction formats, and the detection modalities.

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