Nisha Kumari and Rashmi

Recently, the issue of fertiliser contamination has garnered international attention due to concerns about its serious risks to both environmental and human health. It is widely acknowledged that fish and other aquatic organisms exposed to fertilisers may suffer adverse physiological effects from excessive levels of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Currently, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on the impact of fertilisers on the antioxidant enzyme responses in fish blood, as well as their immunocompetence and alterations to the erythron profile. This study aimed to evaluate the acute sub-lethal effects of DAP on the blood antioxidant response, immunological status, and erythron profile in the freshwater model organism Catla catla. The findings indicated that exposure to fertilisers containing DAP negatively affects blood biochemical markers and behavioural patterns in Catla catla. As the duration of exposure increased, both acute and chronic groups showed elevated levels of glucose, urea, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Concurrently, there was a significant decrease in haematocrit (HCT), red blood cell (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (HGB) levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). Conversely, the counts of platelets and white blood cells (WBC) increased. This study highlights both the acute and chronic toxicity of diammonium phosphate (DAP) in Catla catla, likely due to alterations in blood and metabolic parameters. The research found that di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) significantly affects the haematology and biochemistry of fish. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the hazardous effects of DAP on fish, demonstrating that the studied characteristics are sensitive to toxicants and can be utilised to predict toxicological impacts.

DOI: 10.22271/23940522.2025.v12.i6a.1144

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